Present Perfect Simple – extended uses (recent events with present relevance, up to now, unfinished time periods) Copy
Present Perfect Continuous – extended uses (emphasis on duration, recent activity with evidence) Copy
Present Perfect Simple vs Continuous – nuanced contrasts (focus on result vs activity) Copy
Past Perfect Simple – narrative and reported speech uses Copy
Past Perfect Continuous – cause/effect in the past Copy
Past Perfect Simple vs Continuous – contrasting use for emphasis on result vs duration Copy
Future Continuous – for interrupted future events, polite inquiries about plans Copy
Future Perfect Simple – prediction/assumption about completion Copy
Future Perfect Continuous – emphasis on duration by a future point Copy
Future in the past (would, was/were going to, was/were about to) Copy
Mixed conditionals – full range (present result of past condition, past result of present condition) Copy
Second conditional – with modal verbs (might, could, should) Copy
Third conditional – with modal verbs (might have, could have, should have) Copy
Inversion in conditional sentences (Had I known…, Should you need…) Copy
Modal verbs – deduction and speculation in past (must have, might have, could have, can’t have) Copy
Modal verbs – past ability and habits (could, was able to, used to, would) Copy
Modal verbs – criticism/advice in the past (should have, ought to have, could have) Copy
Passive voice – full tense range including future, present perfect, past perfect, and modals Copy
Passive reporting structures (It is said that…, He is believed to…) Copy
Causative have/get – full tense range Copy
Wish / if only – present, past and future uses Copy
Wish / if only – hypothetical past (regrets) and hypothetical present/future Copy
Wish + would for annoyance or desire for change Copy
Relative clauses – defining, non-defining, and reduced forms (both participle and infinitive) Copy
Reduced adverbial clauses (e.g., While working…, Having finished…) Copy
Participle clauses – full range with cause, time, and result meaning Copy
Nominal relative clauses (What I need is…, Whoever comes first…) Copy
Emphatic structures (It is/was… who/that…, What… is…) Copy
Cleft sentences (It was John who…, What I want is…) Copy
Inversion after negative adverbials (Rarely had I…, Hardly had we…, Not until…) Copy
Comparative structures – advanced forms (far more, considerably less, by far the most, nowhere near as…) Copy
Double comparatives (The more you…, the better…) – review and extension Copy
Gradable vs ungradable adjectives and modifiers (absolutely, completely, slightly, rather) Copy
Fronting for emphasis (On the table was…, Happily, she agreed…) Copy
Ellipsis in spoken and written English (been there before, so have I) Copy
Substitution with do/so/not (I think so, I don’t think so) – review and extension Copy
Narrative tenses – complex sequencing with all past forms Copy
Future forms – advanced contrasts (will, going to, present continuous, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect continuous, be about to) Copy
Conditionals with unless, provided (that), as long as, in case, even if Copy
Mixed time references in conditionals (if + past perfect + would + base verb) Copy
Gerunds and infinitives – full range including after prepositions, adjectives, and certain nouns Copy
Verbs + object + infinitive/-ing with change in meaning (remember, stop, try, forget, regret, go on) Copy
Complex verb patterns (e.g., want someone to do something, have someone do something) Copy
Prepositions after adjectives, nouns, and verbs (interested in, capable of, objection to) Copy
Multi-word verbs – separable, inseparable, and phrasal-prepositional combinations Copy
Linking devices for formal writing (moreover, nevertheless, notwithstanding, thereby) Copy
Discourse markers for spoken interaction (incidentally, by the way, anyway) Copy
Adverbial clauses of concession, contrast, reason, and result (although, whereas, due to, therefore) Copy
Nominalisation in academic/formal style (The development of…, His refusal to…) Copy
Hedging language for polite/academic tone (It seems that…, It is likely that…) Copy
Expressions of probability and possibility (bound to, certain to, likely to, unlikely to) Copy
Indirect questions in formal contexts (Could you tell me if…, I wonder whether…) Copy
