Choose appropriate word for context (guided choice)
Personalised Practice
Answer questions using target vocabulary
Write sentences about your life using new words
Describe personal experiences using target vocabulary
“Find someone who…”
Opinion statements using target vocabulary
Information Gap & Collaborative Practice
Information gap (describe and guess vocabulary items)
Jigsaw reading/listening with vocabulary focus
Describe-and-draw
Taboo-style speaking (explain without using key words)
Text-Based Practice & Reconstruction
Insert missing words into a text
Lexical cloze (focus on collocations / chunks)
Dictogloss with vocabulary focus
Reconstruct a text using key words
Highlight and replace vocabulary in a text
Error Correction & Reformulation
Correct wrong word choice
Correct collocation errors
Replace inappropriate vocabulary
Edit a text for lexical accuracy
Peer correction (vocabulary focus)
Games
Vocabulary board games
Matching / memory card games
Word bingo
Vocabulary auction
Word association chains
Pictionary / drawing games
Charades (guess the word)
Quiz games (e.g. Kahoot-style)
Word race / team competition
Ideas for grammar tasks
Recognition & Discrimination
Multiple choice
Underline the correct option
Error identification
Matching form to meaning
Matching sentence halves
Sorting / categorising
Form Completion
Gap-fill (open cloze)
Gap-fill with options (closed cloze)
Table completion (meaning/use)
Table completion (form)
Sentence completion (fixed answer)
Insert missing words
Sentence Transformation & Manipulation
Sentence transformation
Rewrite using a prompt word
Change sentence type (affirmative / negative / question)
Combine sentences
Split sentences
Guided Practice
Complete sentence stems
Sentence prompts with cues
Substitution (change parts of a model sentence)
Guided dialogue completion
Picture-based sentence creation with prompts
Personalised Practice
Answer questions using target grammar
Write true/false sentences about yourself
Finish sentences about your life/opinions
“Find someone who…”
Information Gap & Collaborative Practice
Information gap (pairwork with missing info)
Jigsaw (each learner has part of the information)
Text-Based Reconstruction
Dictogloss (text reconstruction)
Partial dictation / guided reconstruction
Error Correction & Reformulation
Correct the mistakes
Reformulate sentences
Editing a short text
Peer correction
Games
Board game (with grammar prompts)
Card / matching game
Grammar auction
Bingo
Quizzes (e.g. Kahoot-style)
Sentence race / team competition
Ideas for warmers, fillers and end-of-lesson activities
Picture Prompt Discussion
Students discuss a picture related to the lesson topic.
Question of the Day
Students discuss a simple question related to the theme.
Quote or Statement Reaction
Students react to or discuss a short quote or statement.
Prediction from Title
Students guess lesson content from a title or prompt.
Mystery Object Guess
Students ask yes/no questions to guess a hidden object.
Word Association Chain
Students quickly say related words connected to a topic.
Category Brainstorm
Students list as many words as possible in a topic category.
Finish the Sentence
Students complete sentence starters related to the topic.
Two Truths and a Lie
Students guess which of three statements is false.
Find Someone Who
Students mingle asking classmates questions to find specific experiences.
Hot Seat / Back to the Board
A student guesses a word while teammates give clues.
Taboo
Students describe a word without using certain related words.
Odd One Out
Students identify which word does not belong and explain why.
Word Race
Teams quickly write vocabulary related to a category.
Speed Chatting
Students have short timed conversations with rotating partners.
Mini Role-Play
Students act out a short situation using target language.
Sentence Auction
Students decide which sentences are correct before buying them.
Error Correction Challenge
Students find and correct mistakes in sentences.
Running Dictation
Students relay a short text from a wall to their partner.
Chinese Whispers
Students pass a sentence along a line and compare the final version.
Stop the Bus
Students fill categories with words beginning with a chosen letter.
Mime Guessing Game
Students act out a word or phrase without speaking.
3-2-1 Reflection
Students share three things learned, two interesting points, and one question.
One Thing I Learned
Students state one key thing they learned in the lesson.
Peer Quiz
Students create and ask review questions to classmates.
Class Quiz Game
Teams answer review questions about the lesson content.
One-Sentence Summary
Students summarize the lesson in one sentence.
Exit Ticket Question
Students answer a short question before leaving.
Pictionary
Students draw vocabulary words while teammates guess.
Hangman
Students guess letters to reveal a hidden word.
Ideas for listening tasks
Question Types (Choose an Answer)
Multiple choice
True / False
True / False / Not Given
Yes / No / Not Given
Matching speakers to opinions
Matching speakers to statements
Matching features to categories
Matching headings to extracts
Sequencing (ordering events or stages)
Identifying which speaker mentions specific information
Identifying the correct summary
Short Answer Tasks (Write a Brief Response)
Open-ended comprehension questions
Short-answer questions (word limit given)
One-word answers
Sentence completion (using words from the recording)
Sentence completion (no word restriction)
Note completion
Form completion
Table completion
Checklist completion
Summary completion (gapped summary)
Gap-Fill & Transcript-Based Tasks
Gapped transcript (partial dictation)
Rational cloze (selected words removed from transcript)
Spot the incorrect word in a transcript
Correcting errors in a transcript
Completing missing phrases in a dialogue
Information Transfer Tasks
Flow chart completion
Diagram labelling
Map labelling
Plan labelling
Timeline completion
Process completion
Mind map completion
Graphic organiser completion
Extract & Evidence Tasks
Locating and writing down specific information
Identifying who says what
Selecting statements that are mentioned
Identifying reasons or examples mentioned
Choosing statements that reflect the speaker’s opinion
Ideas for reading tasks
Question Types (Choose an Answer)
Multiple choice
True / False
True / False / Not Given
Yes / No / Not Given
Matching statements to paragraphs
Matching sentence halves
Matching features to categories
Matching headings to paragraphs
Sequencing (ordering events or ideas)
Identifying which paragraph contains specific information
Short Answer Tasks (Write a Brief Response)
Open-ended comprehension questions
Short-answer questions (word limit given)
Sentence completion (using words from the text)
Sentence completion (no word restriction)
One-word answers
Table completion
Note completion
Summary completion (gapped summary)
Gap-Fill & Text Editing Tasks
Rational cloze (selected words removed)
Insert missing sentence(s)
Insert missing paragraph(s)
Paragraph ordering (jumbled text reconstruction)
Information Transfer Tasks
Flow chart completion
Diagram labelling
Timeline completion
Mind map completion
Graphic organiser completion
Text Analysis Tasks
Identifying what a reference word refers to
Underlining linking words or discourse markers
Locating and copying evidence from the text
Identifying the relationship between sentences
Highlighting examples of specific language features
What methodology should I use?
Pre–While–Post Cycle
Students first prepare for the text through activities that activate prior knowledge and set a clear purpose. They then focus on target sub-skills to approach the text more effectively. While engaging with the text, they complete tasks that guide comprehension and provide practice in those sub-skills. Finally, they take part in follow-up activities that extend understanding, personalize the topic, and encourage reflection on the sub-skills used.
What methodology should I use?
Task-Based Learning (TBL)
Students review a model of a written task, focusing on genre-specific features and target writing sub-skills. They then produce a first draft, after which feedback is given on those sub-skills. Students use the feedback to edit and improve their work before producing a final draft.
Task–Teach–Task (TTT)
Students first produce a draft based on their existing knowledge. The teacher then addresses gaps by focusing on key language and writing sub-skills. Students use this input to revise their draft and improve it before producing a final version.
What methodology should I use?
Task-Based Learning (TBL)
Students review a model of a speaking task, focusing on communication and target speaking sub-skills. They then perform the task, after which feedback is given on key language and those sub-skills. Students use the feedback to improve their performance by repeating the same or a similar task.
Task–Teach–Task (TTT)
Students first attempt a speaking task. The teacher then addresses gaps by focusing on key language and target speaking sub-skills. Students use this input to improve their performance when repeating the same or a similar task.
What methodology should I use?
Presentation–Practice–Production (PPP)
The teacher presents and clarifies the target language. Students then practice it through controlled exercises before applying it more freely in communicative activities.
Test–Teach–Test (TTT)
Students first attempt to use the target language. The teacher then addresses gaps through focused instruction, and students try again to consolidate learning through controlled or communicative activities.
Task-Based Learning (TBL)
Students review a model of a speaking or writing task, focusing on communication and the target language. They then perform the task, after which feedback is given on key language. Students use this feedback to improve their performance by repeating the same or a similar task.
Ideas for listening genres (text types)
Conversational / Interactive
Face-to-face conversation
Telephone and video calls
Interviews
Discussions and debates
Meetings and conference calls
Monologic / Extended Speech
Lectures and talks
Presentations
Speeches and public addresses
Media / Broadcast
News and documentaries
Podcasts
Radio shows and interviews
TV programs and films
Instructional / Procedural
Announcements
Instructions and directions
Training or tutorial audio
Informational / Expository
Reports and briefings
Explanations
Podium speeches and panel discussions
Narrative / Storytelling
Stories, fairy tales, and fables
Personal anecdotes
Dramatic readings and plays
Multi-Speaker / Group Interaction
Panel discussions
Focus groups
Workshops and collaborative tasks
Cross-Cultural / Global English
Variety and accent-focused listening
Intercultural communication
Ideas for listening learning points
Phonological Processing
Sounds
Discriminating between phonemes
Identifying individual sounds in connected speech
Recognizing phoneme variations in different contexts
Syllables and Words
Segmenting speech stream into syllables
Identifying word boundaries in connected speech
Recognizing stressed and unstressed syllables
Connected Speech
Understanding linking between words
Recognizing contractions and elisions
Processing assimilation and reduction patterns
Identifying weak forms vs. strong forms
Prosodic Processing – Rhythm
Identifying sentence stress patterns
Recognizing rhythm in connected speech
Understanding timing patterns
Prosodic Processing – Intonation
Recognizing rising and falling intonation
Understanding intonation’s role in meaning
Identifying emotional content through prosody
Prosodic Processing – Stress Patterns
Identifying word-level stress
Identifying sentence-level stress
Recognizing contrastive stress
Lexical Processing
Word Recognition
Recognizing high-frequency words
Processing content vs. function words
Recognizing word families and variations
Formulaic Sequence Recognition
Identifying collocations and phrases
Recognizing idioms and expressions
Processing multi-word units
Comprehension
Literal Comprehension
Understanding explicitly stated information
Following sequential information
Identifying specific details and facts
Gist Comprehension
Extracting main ideas
Understanding overall meaning
Getting general sense without every detail
Inferential Comprehension
Reading between the lines
Understanding implied meanings
Drawing logical conclusions from heard information
Interpretation
Contextual Understanding
Using context clues for meaning
Understanding situation and setting
Interpreting cultural references
Speaker Intention
Identifying speaker’s purpose
Understanding attitudes and opinions
Recognizing persuasive language
Pragmatic Interpretation
Understanding indirect speech acts
Recognizing sarcasm and humor
Interpreting politeness strategies
Critical Listening
Evaluation and Analysis
Assessing information credibility
Identifying fact vs. opinion
Analyzing argument structure
Comparative Listening
Comparing different viewpoints
Contrasting information sources
Synthesizing multiple perspectives
Top-Down Processing
Prediction Skills
Using prior knowledge
Anticipating content from context
Generating expectations about content
Schema Activation
Accessing background knowledge
Using cultural and situational knowledge
Connecting new information to existing knowledge
Bottom-Up Processing
Detail Processing
Focusing on specific linguistic elements
Building meaning from individual words
Processing grammatical structures
Sequential Processing
Following chronological information
Tracking cause-and-effect relationships
Understanding procedural sequences
Metacognitive Strategies
Monitoring Comprehension
Self-assessing understanding
Identifying comprehension breakdowns
Recognizing when meaning is lost
Repair Strategies
Using confirmation checks
Asking for clarification
Employing compensatory techniques
Interactive Strategies
Turn-Taking Management
Recognizing speaker changes
Understanding conversation signals
Processing overlapping speech
Feedback Processing
Understanding backchanneling
Processing confirmation signals
Interpreting non-verbal cues (in multimedia contexts)
Academic Listening
Lectures
Following lecture organization
Identifying main points and supporting details
Understanding academic discourse markers
Note-Taking
Identifying key information for recording
Following verbal emphasis signals
Processing definition and explanation patterns
Conversational Listening
Social Interactions
Understanding small talk patterns
Processing interruptions and repairs
Following topic shifts
Multi-Party Conversations
Tracking multiple speakers
Understanding group dynamics
Processing simultaneous speech segments
Media Listening
News and Documentaries
Following news story structure
Processing factual information rapidly
Understanding journalistic language
Entertainment Media
Understanding narrative structures
Processing dialogue in various accents
Following plot development
Accent and Variety Recognition
Dialects
Understanding different English varieties
Processing regional accents
Adapting to non-native speaker varieties
Register
Recognizing formal vs. informal speech
Understanding register shifts
Processing domain-specific language
Cultural Listening
Cultural References
Processing culturally specific content
Understanding humor and cultural jokes
Interpreting culturally bound expressions
Cross-Cultural Communication
Understanding intercultural interactions
Processing language transfer effects
Interpreting cultural communication styles
Ideas for reading genres (text types)
Everyday / Functional Texts
Email
Letter
Blog
Online post
Instructions / Manual
Recipe
Advertisement / Flyer
Brochure
Notice / Announcement
Review
Informational / Academic Texts
Newspaper article
Magazine article
Essays / Opinion piece
Report
Textbook excerpt
Study guide
Profile
Biography
Literary / Narrative Texts
Short story
Novel extract
Anecdote
Personal narrative
Poem
Fable
Folk tale
Play script
Persuasive / Argumentative Texts
Opinion column / Editorial
Speech
Debate transcript
Campaign material
Practical / Workplace Texts
Job ad
CV / Résumé
Cover letter
Business email
Memo
Meeting minutes
Business report
Company website
Product description
Digital / Multimodal Texts
Social media post
Online forum
FAQs
Web page
Online review
Newsfeeds
Ideas for reading learning points
Foundational Processing
Orthographic and Graphophonic Awareness
Recognising letters, graphemes, and spelling patterns
Matching letters to sounds (phonics)
Understanding word boundaries, spacing, punctuation
Word Recognition and Lexical Access
Recognising high-frequency words automatically
Using phonics, morphology, and syllabication to decode unfamiliar words
