Present Perfect Simple – extended uses (recent events with present relevance, up to now, unfinished time periods)
Present Perfect Continuous – extended uses (emphasis on duration, recent activity with evidence)
Present Perfect Simple vs Continuous – nuanced contrasts (focus on result vs activity)
Past Perfect Simple – narrative and reported speech uses
Past Perfect Continuous – cause/effect in the past
Past Perfect Simple vs Continuous – contrasting use for emphasis on result vs duration
Future Continuous – for interrupted future events, polite inquiries about plans
Future Perfect Simple – prediction/assumption about completion
Future Perfect Continuous – emphasis on duration by a future point
Future in the past (would, was/were going to, was/were about to)
Mixed conditionals – full range (present result of past condition, past result of present condition)
Second conditional – with modal verbs (might, could, should)
Third conditional – with modal verbs (might have, could have, should have)
Inversion in conditional sentences (Had I known…, Should you need…)
Modal verbs – deduction and speculation in past (must have, might have, could have, can’t have)
Modal verbs – past ability and habits (could, was able to, used to, would)
Modal verbs – criticism/advice in the past (should have, ought to have, could have)
Passive voice – full tense range including future, present perfect, past perfect, and modals
Passive reporting structures (It is said that…, He is believed to…)
Causative have/get – full tense range
Wish / if only – present, past and future uses
Wish / if only – hypothetical past (regrets) and hypothetical present/future
Wish + would for annoyance or desire for change
Relative clauses – defining, non-defining, and reduced forms (both participle and infinitive)
Reduced adverbial clauses (e.g., While working…, Having finished…)
Participle clauses – full range with cause, time, and result meaning
Nominal relative clauses (What I need is…, Whoever comes first…)
Emphatic structures (It is/was… who/that…, What… is…)
Cleft sentences (It was John who…, What I want is…)
Inversion after negative adverbials (Rarely had I…, Hardly had we…, Not until…)
Comparative structures – advanced forms (far more, considerably less, by far the most, nowhere near as…)
Double comparatives (The more you…, the better…) – review and extension
Gradable vs ungradable adjectives and modifiers (absolutely, completely, slightly, rather)
Fronting for emphasis (On the table was…, Happily, she agreed…)
Ellipsis in spoken and written English (been there before, so have I)
Substitution with do/so/not (I think so, I don’t think so) – review and extension
Narrative tenses – complex sequencing with all past forms
Future forms – advanced contrasts (will, going to, present continuous, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect continuous, be about to)
Conditionals with unless, provided (that), as long as, in case, even if
Mixed time references in conditionals (if + past perfect + would + base verb)
Gerunds and infinitives – full range including after prepositions, adjectives, and certain nouns
Verbs + object + infinitive/-ing with change in meaning (remember, stop, try, forget, regret, go on)
Complex verb patterns (e.g., want someone to do something, have someone do something)
Prepositions after adjectives, nouns, and verbs (interested in, capable of, objection to)
Multi-word verbs – separable, inseparable, and phrasal-prepositional combinations
Linking devices for formal writing (moreover, nevertheless, notwithstanding, thereby)
Discourse markers for spoken interaction (incidentally, by the way, anyway)
Adverbial clauses of concession, contrast, reason, and result (although, whereas, due to, therefore)
Nominalisation in academic/formal style (The development of…, His refusal to…)
Hedging language for polite/academic tone (It seems that…, It is likely that…)
Expressions of probability and possibility (bound to, certain to, likely to, unlikely to)
Indirect questions in formal contexts (Could you tell me if…, I wonder whether…)
